Vertical transistor device and method for fabricating the same

ABSTRACT

A method includes forming a fin structure over a semiconductor substrate; forming a liner covering the fin structure; etching back the liner to expose an upper portion of the fin structure; forming a spacer covering the upper portion of the fin structure; etching the liner to expose a middle portion of the fin structure, wherein the remaining liner covers a lower portion of the fin structure; etching the middle portion of the fin structure; and forming a first source/drain structure surrounding the middle portion of the fin structure.

RELATED APPLICATION

The present application is a Divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/795,191, filed on Oct. 26, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,665,569, issued on May 26, 2020, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/510,752, filed May 25, 2017. The entire disclosures of all the above applications are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

The semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry has experienced exponential growth over the last few decades. In the course of IC evolution, functional density (i.e., the number of interconnected devices per chip area) has generally increased while geometry size (i.e., the smallest component (or line) that can be created using a fabrication process) has decreased.

In order to form an integrated circuit device in a small area, vertical transistors are developed. In a typical vertical transistor, a conducting channel is provided by a silicon nanowire which perpendicular to a plane of an underlying semiconductor substrate. The vertical channel is surrounded by a three-dimensional gate structure. The three-dimensional gate structure can be referred to as vertical-gate-all-around (VGAA) configuration.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the present disclosure are best understood from the following detailed description when read with the accompanying figures. It is noted that, in accordance with the standard practice in the industry, various features are not drawn to scale. In fact, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily increased or reduced for clarity of discussion.

FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C are schematic cross-sectional views of transistor devices in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A to FIG. 2T are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages showing a method for fabricating a transistor device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing a method for fabricating a transistor device in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure provides many different embodiments, or examples, for implementing different features of the provided subject matter. Specific examples of components and arrangements are described below to simplify the present disclosure. These are, of course, merely examples and are not intended to be limiting. For example, the formation of a first feature over or on a second feature in the description that follows may include embodiments in which the first and second features are formed in direct contact, and may also include embodiments in which additional features may be formed between the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact.

Terms used herein are only used to describe the specific embodiments, which are not used to limit the claims appended herewith. For example, unless limited otherwise, the term “one” or “the” of the single form may also represent the plural form. The terms such as “first” and “second” are used for describing various devices, areas and layers, etc., though such terms are only used for distinguishing one device, one area or one layer from another device, another area or another layer. Therefore, the first area can also be referred to as the second area without departing from the spirit of the claimed subject matter, and the others are deduced by analogy. In addition, the present disclosure may repeat reference numerals and/or letters in the various examples. This repetition is for the purpose of simplicity and clarity and does not in itself dictate a relationship between the various embodiments and/or configurations discussed. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

The gate all around (GAA) transistor structures may be patterned by any suitable method. For example, the structures may be patterned using one or more photolithography processes, including double-patterning or multi-patterning processes. Generally, double-patterning or multi-patterning processes combine photolithography and self-aligned processes, allowing patterns to be created that have, for example, pitches smaller than what is otherwise obtainable using a single, direct photolithography process. For example, in one embodiment, a sacrificial layer is formed over a substrate and patterned using a photolithography process. Spacers are formed alongside the patterned sacrificial layer using a self-aligned process. The sacrificial layer is then removed, and the remaining spacers may then be used to pattern the GAA structure.

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a vertical transistor device and a method for fabricating the vertical transistor. The vertical transistor device includes a semiconductor substrate and plural sources/drains. The semiconductor substrate includes a bottom portion and a fin portion located on the bottom portion. The fin portion includes an upper portion and a lower portion. The lower portion includes a narrow portion having a width smaller than a width of the upper portion, and the narrow portion contacts an interface portion of the upper portion. The sources/drains are disposed on the narrow portion of the lower portion of the fin portion, and each of the sources/drains has an edge portion contacting the interface portion of the upper portion of the fin portion, thereby increasing a contact area between the sources/drains and the upper portion of the fin portion, in which a gate structure is predetermined to be disposed on the upper portion of the fin portion to induce a channel in the upper portion of the fin portion. Therefore, a contact area between the sources/drains and the channel is increased, and a distance between the sources/drains and the channel is decreased accordingly.

Referring to FIG. 1A, FIG. 1A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a transistor device 100 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The transistor device 100 includes a semiconductor substrate 110, plural sources 122 and drains 124, plural gate structures 130 and plural dielectric layers 140 and 150.

The semiconductor substrate 110 includes a bottom portion 112 and plural fin portions 114. In some embodiments, the semiconductor substrate 110 may be a semiconductor material and may include structures including a graded layer or a buried oxide, for example. In some exemplary examples, the semiconductor substrate 110 includes bulk silicon that may be undoped or doped (e.g., p-type, n-type, or a combination thereof). Other materials that are suitable for semiconductor device formation may be used. Other materials, such as germanium, quartz, sapphire, and glass could alternatively be used for the semiconductor substrate 110. Alternatively, the semiconductor substrate 110 may be an active layer of a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate or a multi-layered structure such as a silicon-germanium layer formed on a bulk silicon layer.

The fin portions 114 are disposed on the bottom portion 112. Each of the fin portions 114 includes an upper portion 114 a and a lower portion 114 b. The lower portions 114 b are located between the bottom portion 112 of the semiconductor substrate 110 and the upper portions 114 a. Each of the lower portions 114 b includes a narrow portion 114 b(I) and a base portion 114 b(2) located between the narrow portion 114 b(1) and the bottom portion 112 of the semiconductor substrate 110. In some embodiments, a width W11 of the narrow portion 114 b(1) is smaller than a width W12 of the upper portion 114 a. In some embodiments, a width W13 of the base portion 114 b(2) is equal to the width W12 of the upper portion 114 a.

The sources 122 are formed on the narrow portion 114 b(1). In some embodiments, the sources 122 are formed by using an epitaxial growth process. Because the width W11 of the narrow portion 114 b(1) is smaller than the width W12 of the upper portion 114 a, the sources 122 can be formed on the exposed surfaces UES1 of the upper portions 114 a, and thus an edge portion of each of the source 122 contacts the exposed surfaces UES1 of a corresponding upper portion 114 a. In some embodiments, edge portions of the sources 122 fully cover the exposed surfaces UES1 of the upper portion 114 a.

The gate structures 130 are formed on sidewalls of the upper portions 114 a of the fin portions 114 to induce channels in the upper portions 114 a of the fin portions. In some embodiments, the fin portions 114 are formed perpendicular to the plane of the bottom portion 112, and thus the induce channels are perpendicular to the plane of the bottom portion 112. Each of the gate structures 130 includes a gate dielectric layer 132 and a gate electrode 134 disposed on the gate dielectric layer 132. In some embodiments, the gate structures 130 are high-k metal gate structures. For example, the gate electrode 134 can be formed by metal, and the gate dielectric layer 132 may include hafnium oxide (HfO2), hafnium silicon oxide (HfSiO), hafnium silicon oxynitride (HfSiON), hafnium tantalum oxide (HfTaO), hafnium titanium oxide (HfTiO), hafnium zirconium oxide (HfZrO), or another suitable high-k dielectric material. The high-k material may further include metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal silicates, transition metal-oxides, transition metal-nitrides, transition metal-silicates, oxynitrides of metals, metal aluminates, zirconium silicate, zirconium aluminate, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium dioxide-alumina (HfO₂—Al₂O₃) alloy, or another suitable material.

The dielectric layers 140 are disposed between the lower portions 114 b of the fin portions 114 to isolate the sources 122 from each other, and to provide support for the gate structures 130. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers 140 can be made by oxide, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

The drains 124 are disposed on the ends of the upper portions 114 a of the fin portions 114. In some embodiments, the drains 124 are formed by using an epitaxial growth process, and the drains 124 are not merged with each other. In some embodiments, the positions of the drains 124 and the sources 122 can be exchanged. For example, the drains 124 can be disposed on the narrow portion 114 b(1) of the fin portions 114, and the sources 122 can be disposed on the ends of the upper portions 114 a of the fin portions 114.

The dielectric layers 150 are disposed between the drains 124 to isolate the drains 124 from each other. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers 150 can be made by oxide, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, silicide layers (not shown) can be formed on the sources 122 for contact landing. For example, the sources 122 disposed on adjacent two of the fin portions 114 have opposite front surfaces FS, and a first silicide layer is formed to cover the front surface FS of one of the sources 122, and a second silicide layer is formed to cover the front surface FS of another one of the sources 122. Then, a first contact is formed on the first silicide layer, and a second contact is formed on the second silicide layer.

It can be understood that, because the width W11 of the narrow portion 114 b(1) is smaller than the width W12 of the upper portion 114 a, the sources 122 can be formed on the exposed surfaces UES1 of the upper portion 114 a, thereby increasing a contact area between the sources 122 and the channel induced in the upper portion 114 a, and a distance between the sources 122 and the channel is decreased accordingly.

In the above embodiment, each of the sources 122 is formed to have a flat surface FS, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the sources 122 are formed to have protrusion portions opposite to each other as shown in FIG. 1B. In some embodiments, adjacent two sources 122 are formed to be merged as shown in FIG. 1C.

Referring to FIG. 2A to FIG. 2T, FIG. 2A to FIG. 2T are cross-sectional views of intermediate stages showing a method for fabricating a transistor device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. At first, a semiconductor substrate 210 is provided, as shown in FIG. 2A. In some embodiments, the semiconductor substrate 210 may be a semiconductor material and may include structures including a graded layer or a buried oxide, for example. In some exemplary examples, the semiconductor substrate 210 includes bulk silicon that may be undoped or doped (e.g., p-type, n-type, or a combination thereof). Other materials that are suitable for semiconductor device formation may be used. Other materials, such as germanium, quartz, sapphire, and glass could alternatively be used for the semiconductor substrate 210. Alternatively, the semiconductor substrate 210 may be an active layer of a semiconductor-on-insulator (SOI) substrate or a multi-layered structure such as a silicon-germanium layer formed on a bulk silicon layer.

Then, plural mask layers HM are formed on the semiconductor substrate 210, as shown in FIG. 2B. In some embodiments, the mask layers HM are hard masks, and plural oxide layers OX maybe formed between the mask layers HM and the semiconductor substrate 210. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. Further, the materials of the mask layers HM and the oxide layers OX can be blanketly deposited on the semiconductor substrate 210, and then etched to form the mask layers HM and the oxide layers OX as shown in FIG. 2B.

Therefore, the semiconductor substrate 210 is patterned by using the mask layers HM to form a bottom portion 212 and plural fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2C. In some embodiments, the fin portions 214 are formed perpendicular to the bottom portion 212. In some embodiments, a width WF of each of the fin portions 214 is ranged from about 5 nm to 25 nm, and a pitch PF between adjacent two of the fin portions 214 is ranged from about 10 nm to about 50 nm. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Then, a liner LI is formed to cover the fin portions 214 and the mask layers HM, as shown in FIG. 2D. The liner LI is configured to protect surfaces of the fin portions 214. In some embodiments, the liner LI can be omitted. In some embodiments, the liner LI can be made by oxide or SiN, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Thereafter, gaps between the fin portions 214 are filled with dielectric layers ILD21, as shown in FIG. 2E. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers ILD21 are made by oxide. For example, the dielectric layers ILD2 l can be made by silicon oxide, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Then, the dielectric layers ILD21 are etched to define upper portions 214 a and lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2F. An interface between the upper portion 214 a and the lower portion 214 b is defined by the height HD of the etched dielectric layers ILD21. In some embodiments, a portion of the liner LI covering the mask layers HM are also etched.

Thereafter, the liner LI is removed and a spacer film SPF is formed to cover the fin portions 214, the mask layers HM and the dielectric layers ILD21, as shown in FIG. 2G. The spacer film SPF is made by a material having selectivity to silicon or silicon oxide. In some embodiments, the spacer film SPF is made by SiN, SiCN, SiOCN or other suitable material.

Then, the spacer film SPF is patterned to form spacers SP on sidewalls of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2H. In some embodiments, portions of the spacer film SPF covering the mask layers HM and the dielectric layers ILD21 are removed.

Thereafter, the dielectric layers ILD21 are further etched to define heights HS of sources, as shown in FIG. 2I. In some embodiments, after being etched, the dielectric layers ILD21 remain on the bottom portion 212 of the semiconductor substrate 210.

Then, portions of the liner LI not covered by the dielectric layers ILD21 are removed to expose surfaces of the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2J.

Thereafter, each of the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214 is patterned to have a narrow portion 214 b(1) and a base portion 214 b(2), as shown in FIG. 2K. In some embodiments, the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214 are laterally etched to form the narrow portions 214 b(1), and a width W21 of the narrow portion 214 b(1) is smaller than the width of the upper portion 214 a (substantially equal to the width WF of the fin portion 214). After the lower portions 214 b are etched, surfaces UES2 of the upper portions 214 a are exposed because the width W21 of the narrow portion 214 b(1) is smaller than the width of the upper portion 214 a. For example, the lower portion 214 b has an interface portion contacting the narrow portion 214 b(1), and the surfaces UES2 of the interface portion are exposed because the formation of the narrow portion 214 b(1). In some embodiments, each of the lower portions 214 b(1) has a uniform width, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In some embodiments, each of the fin portions 214 may have various widths because of the patterning process, and the various widths of each of the fin portions 214 are small than the width of the upper portion 214 a.

Then, plural sources 222 are formed on the narrow portions 214 b(1) of the lower portions 214 b, as shown in FIG. 2L. The sources 222 are formed by using an epitaxial growth process. Because the surfaces UES2 of the upper portions 214 a are exposed, the sources 222 are also formed on the surfaces UES2 of the upper portions 214 a, and thus the sources 222 contact the upper portions 214 a. For example, two sources 222 contact one corresponding upper portion 214 a. In some embodiments, the sources 222 are formed to cover the whole surfaces UES2.

Thereafter, gaps between the fin portions 214 are filled with dielectric layers ILD22, a shown in FIG. 2M. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers ILD22 are made by oxide. For example, the dielectric layers ILD22 can be made by silicon oxide, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. Because the dielectric layers ILD21 and ILD22 are made by the same material in this embodiment, the combination of the dielectric layers ILD21 and ILD22 are referred to as dielectric layers ILD2 hereinafter.

Then, the dielectric layers ILD2 are etched to expose the spacers SP, as shown in FIG. 2N. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers ILD2 are etched to be aligned interfaces between the upper portions 214 a and the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214, thereby exposing the whole spacers SP and protecting the sources 222.

Thereafter, the spacers SP and the mask layers HM are removed to expose the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2O.

Then, a gate dielectric layer 232 is formed to cover the dielectric layers ILD2, the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214 and the oxide layers, as shown in FIG. 2P. In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layer 232 is a high-k dielectric layer. For example, the gate dielectric layer 232 may include hafnium oxide (HfO2), hafnium silicon oxide (HfSiO), hafnium silicon oxynitride (HfSiON), hafnium tantalum oxide (HfTaO), hafnium titanium oxide (HfTiO), hafnium zirconium oxide (HfZrO), or another suitable high-k dielectric material. The high-k material may further include metal oxides, metal nitrides, metal silicates, transition metal-oxides, transition metal-nitrides, transition metal-silicates, oxynitrides of metals, metal aluminates, zirconium silicate, zirconium aluminate, silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, hafnium dioxide-alumina (HfO₂—Al₂O₃) alloy, or another suitable material.

Thereafter, gate electrodes 234 are formed between the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2Q. In some embodiments, the gate electrodes 234 are formed on the gate dielectric layer 232 and contact the gate dielectric layer 232, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Then, the gate dielectric layer 232, the gate electrodes 234 and the oxide layers OX are etched to expose the ends of the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2R. In some embodiments, the gate electrodes 234 are etched back, thereby forming gate structures 230 on the upper portions 214 a. In some embodiments, portions of the gate dielectric layer 232 located on the ends the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214 are removed, and the oxide layers are also removed, thereby exposing the ends of the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214.

Thereafter, plural drains 224 are formed on the ends of the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2S. In some embodiments, the drains 224 are formed by using an epitaxial growth process, and the drains 224 are not merged with each other.

Then, gaps between the drains 224 are filled with dielectric layers ILD2′, as shown in FIG. 2T. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers ILD2′ can be made by oxide, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the positions of the drains 224 and the sources 222 can be exchanged. For example, the drains 224 can be disposed on the recesses CS2 of the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214, and the sources 222 can be disposed on the ends of the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214.

It can be understood that, because the gate structures 230 are formed on the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, and the sources 222 contact the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, a contact area between the sources 222 and the channels induced in the upper portions 214 a, and a distance between the source 222 and the induced channel corresponding thereto is decreased accordingly.

Referring to FIG. 3, FIG. 3 is a flow chart showing a method 300 for fabricating a transistor device in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 300 begins at operation 310. In operation 310, the semiconductor substrate 210 is provided as shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B. For example, the semiconductor substrate 210 shown in FIG. 2A is provided at first, and then the semiconductor substrate 210 are patterned to include the bottom portion 212 and the fin portions 214 as shown in FIG. 2B. In some embodiments, the semiconductor substrate 210 can be patterned by using an etching process, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Then, in operation 311, the mask layers HM are formed on the ends of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2C. In some embodiments, the oxide layers OX are formed between the mask layers HM and the ends of the fin portions 214. However, embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. In some embodiments, the oxide layers OX can be omitted.

In some embodiments, the liner LI can be optionally formed on the fin portions 214 and the mask layers HM, as shown in FIG. 2D, FIG. 2E and FIG. 2F. For example, after the mask layers HM are formed on the fin portions 214, the liner LI is formed to cover the fin portions 214 and the mask layers HM, as shown in FIG. 2E. Then, gaps between the fin portions 214 are filled with the dielectric layers ILD21, and the dielectric layers ILD21 and a portion of the liner LI covering the mask layers HM are etched, as shown in FIG. 2E and FIG. 2F. In some embodiments, the liner LI can be formed by using a deposition process such as an atomic layer deposition (ALD). Other methods to form the dielectric layers ILD22 include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). In some embodiments, the liner LI can be omitted.

Thereafter, in operation 312, the spacers SP are formed on sidewalls of the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2G and FIG. 2H. For example, after removing the liner LI, the spacer film SPF is formed to cover the fin portions 214 as shown in FIG. 2G. Then, the spacer film SPF is patterned to form the spacers SP on the sidewalls of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2H. In some embodiments, the spacer film SPF is patterned by using an etching process, but embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited thereto.

Thereafter, in operation 313, the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214 are patterned to form the narrow portion 214 b(1) on each of the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2I, FIG. 2J and FIG. 2K. For example, the dielectric layers ILD21 and the portions of the liner LI not covered by the dielectric layers ILD21 are removed to expose surfaces of the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2I and FIG. 2J. Then, the exposed surfaces of the lower portions 214 b of the fin portions 214 are patterned to form the narrow portion 214 b(1), as shown in FIG. 2K.

Then, in operation 314, the sources 222 are formed on narrow portions of the lower portions 214 b, as shown in FIG. 2L. The sources 222 are formed by using an epitaxial growth process. Because the surfaces UES2 of the upper portions 214 a are exposed, the sources 222 are also formed on the surfaces UES2 of the upper portions 214 a, and thus the sources 222 contact the upper portions 214 a.

Thereafter, in operation 315, the dielectric layers ILD22 are formed to cover the sources 222 and isolate the sources 222 from each other, as shown in FIG. 2M and FIG. 2N. For example, the gaps between the fin portions 214 are filled with dielectric layers ILD22, a shown in FIG. 2M. Then, the dielectric layers ILD22 are etched to expose the spacers SP, as shown in FIG. 2N. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers ILD22 are formed by using a deposition process such as an atomic layer deposition (ALD). Other methods to form the dielectric layers ILD22 include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

Then, in operation 316, the mask layers HM and the spacers SP are removed to expose the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2O.

Thereafter, in operation 317, plural gate structures 230 are formed on the dielectric layers ILD2, in which the gate structures 230 and the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214 are alternately arranged with each other, as shown in FIG. 2P, FIG. 2Q and FIG. 2R. For example, at first, the gate dielectric layer 232 is formed to cover the dielectric layers ILD2, the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214 and the oxide layers, as shown in FIG. 2P. Then, the gate electrodes 234 are formed on the gate dielectric layer 232 and between the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2Q. Thereafter, the gate dielectric layer 232, the gate electrodes 234 and the oxide layers OX are etched to expose the ends of the upper portions 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2R.

In some embodiments, the gate dielectric layer 232 and the gate electrodes 234 can be formed by using a deposition process such as an atomic layer deposition (ALD). Other methods to form the dielectric layers ILD22 include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

Then, in operation 318, the drains 224 are formed on the ends of the upper portion 214 a of the fin portions 214, as shown in FIG. 2S. In some embodiments, the drains 224 are formed by using an epitaxial growth process, and the drains 224 are not merged with each other.

Thereafter, in operation 319, the gaps between the drains 224 are filled with the dielectric layers ILD2′, as shown in FIG. 2T. In some embodiments, the dielectric layers ILD2′ can be formed by using a deposition process such as an atomic layer deposition (ALD). Other methods to form the dielectric layers ILD22 include chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD).

In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method includes forming a fin structure over a semiconductor substrate; forming a liner covering the fin structure; etching back the liner to expose an upper portion of the fin structure; forming a spacer covering the upper portion of the fin structure; etching the liner to expose a middle portion of the fin structure, in which the remaining liner covers a lower portion of the fin structure; etching the middle portion of the fin structure; and forming a first source/drain structure surrounding the middle portion of the fin structure.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method includes forming a fin structure over a semiconductor substrate, in which the fin structure comprises a lower portion, a middle portion, and an upper portion; etching the middle portion of the fin structure, such that the middle portion of the fin structure is narrower than the lower portion and the upper portion of the fin structure; forming a first source/drain structure surrounding the middle portion of the fin structure; after forming the first source/drain structure, forming a gate structure surrounding the upper portion of the fin structure; and after forming the gate structure, forming a second source/drain structure over a top surface of the upper portion of the fin structure.

In accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure, a method includes forming a fin structure over a semiconductor substrate, in which the fin structure comprises a lower portion, a middle portion, and an upper portion; forming a liner covering the middle portion and the lower portion of the fin structure; forming a spacer covering the upper portion of the fin structure; partially removing the liner to expose the middle portion of the fin structure; forming a first source/drain structure in contact with sidewalls of the middle portion of the fin structure; forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer covering the first source/drain structure; removing the spacer to expose the upper portion of the fin structure; forming a gate structure in contact with sidewalls of the upper portion of the fin structure; and forming a second source/drain structure in contact with a top surface of the upper portion of the fin structure.

The foregoing outlines features of several embodiments so that those skilled in the art may better understand the aspects of the present disclosure. Those skilled in the art should appreciate that they may readily use the present disclosure as a basis for designing or modifying other processes and structures for carrying out the same purposes and/or achieving the same advantages of the embodiments introduced herein. Those skilled in the art should also realize that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that they may make various changes, substitutions, and alterations herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: forming a fin structure, an oxide layer over the fin structure, and a mask layer over the oxide layer over a semiconductor substrate; forming a liner covering the fin structure; etching back the liner to expose an upper portion of the fin structure; forming a spacer covering the upper portion of the fin structure, such that the spacer covers sidewalls of the oxide layer and the mask layer; etching the liner to expose a middle portion of the fin structure, wherein the remaining liner covers a lower portion of the fin structure; etching the middle portion of the fin structure; and forming a first source/drain structure surrounding the middle portion of the fin structure.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising forming a dielectric layer over the liner prior to etching back the liner.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprising etch back the dielectric layer prior to etching back the liner.
 4. The method of claim 2, further comprising etch back the dielectric layer after forming the spacer.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the forming the spacer comprises: depositing a spacer film covering the upper portion of the fin structure and a top surface of the dielectric layer; and patterning the spacer film to expose the top surface of the dielectric layer.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein depositing the spacer film is performed such that the spacer film extends along a sidewall of the upper portion of the fin structure and the top surface of the dielectric layer.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein forming the spacer covering the upper portion of the fin structure is performed after etching back the liner.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein etching the liner to expose a middle portion of the fin structure is performed after forming the spacer covering the upper portion of the fin structure.
 9. A method, comprising: forming a fin structure over a semiconductor substrate, wherein the fin structure comprises a lower portion, a middle portion, and an upper portion; forming a spacer covering the upper portion of the fin structure; after forming the spacer, etching the middle portion of the fin structure, such that the middle portion of the fin structure is narrower than the lower portion and the upper portion of the fin structure; forming a first source/drain structure surrounding the middle portion of the fin structure; removing the spacer to expose the upper portion of the fin structure; after removing the spacer, forming a gate structure surrounding the upper portion of the fin structure; and after forming the gate structure, forming a second source/drain structure over a top surface of the upper portion of the fin structure.
 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising: depositing a dielectric layer to cover the spacer and the first source/drain structure; and etching back the dielectric layer to expose the spacer prior to removing the spacer.
 11. The method of claim 9, wherein forming the gate structure comprises: depositing a gate dielectric layer over a sidewall of the upper portion of the fin structure; depositing a gate electrode over the gate dielectric layer; and etching back the gate dielectric layer and the gate electrode to expose the sidewall of the upper portion of the fin structure.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein forming the second source/drain structure is performed such that the second source/drain structure is in contact with the sidewall of the upper portion of the fin structure.
 13. The method of claim 9, further comprising forming a dielectric layer over the second source/drain structure.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein forming the dielectric layer is performed such that the dielectric layer extends from a top surface of the second source/drain structure to a top surface of the gate structure.
 15. A method, comprising: forming a fin structure over a semiconductor substrate, wherein the fin structure comprises a lower portion, a middle portion, and an upper portion; forming a liner covering the middle portion and the lower portion of the fin structure; forming a spacer covering the upper portion of the fin structure; partially removing the liner to expose the middle portion of the fin structure; forming a first source/drain structure in contact with sidewalls of the middle portion of the fin structure; forming a first interlayer dielectric (ILD) layer covering the first source/drain structure; removing the spacer to expose the upper portion of the fin structure; forming a gate structure in contact with sidewalls of the upper portion of the fin structure; and forming a second source/drain structure in contact with a top surface of the upper portion of the fin structure.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein forming the spacer is performed such that the spacer is in contact with a top surface of the liner.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein forming the first ILD layer comprises: depositing a dielectric layer covering the first source/drain structure and the spacer; and etching back the dielectric layer to expose the spacer.
 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising etching the gate structure to expose the sidewalls of the upper portion of the fin structure.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein forming the second source/drain structure is performed such that the second source/drain structure is in contact with sidewalls of the upper portion of the fin structure.
 20. The method of claim 15, further comprising forming a second ILD layer over the gate structure. 